Neutral Grey (N5)

PW4—Synthetic mineral - zinc oxide, introduced as a painter’s white c.1780. A late arrival, zinc white was taken up by the Impressionists for clean, non-toxic tints and by 19th-century watercolourists; Turner was among the early adopters. Valued for transparency, slow drying and a lack of yellowing - the white of choice for pale tints and delicate glazes.

PW6—Synthetic mineral - titanium dioxide, first produced as a pigment in the early 20th century. Titanium white arrived too late for the Old Masters, who worked in lead. It became the dominant white from the mid-20th century - think of the crisp, opaque highlights in Lucian Freud’s flesh, or the brilliant whites of modern abstraction. The modern painter’s workhorse - the brightest, most opaque white available, and non-toxic. It overtook lead white through the 20th century and now anchors nearly every palette, prized for covering power and clean tints.

PBK6—Carbon / Gas Black. Synthetic (channel/gas black). A dense, very lightfast carbon black; slower drying than lamp black.

PBR6—Raw / Burnt Umber. Mineral earth (Cyprus/Italy). A staple earth pigment; burnt umber is calcined raw umber, deeper and warmer.